English Haruffan Musa na Hausa


Hausa ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Chadic wanda miliyan saba’in (70 million) a Najeriya da Nijar suke amfani da ita da kuma wajen miliyan arba’in zuwa hamsin (40-50) ke amfani da shia harshen na biyu ta ketaren fadin yanki. Hausawa mutane ne masu ban sha’awa, tatsakin-tsaki na Afirka ta yamma, wanda samada karni ke kasuwanci, Magana, da aure da makwabtansu: Berbers ta Arewa, masu harshen Niger-Congo ta kudu, Fulani ta yamma da kuma sauran makiyayi masu harshen Chadic da harsuna Sudani ta hanyar Sahel ta gabas.

Harshen Hausa kuma na nuna ƙarfi a gaurayewa. Kamar wasu harsuna Afro-Asiatic , harshen Hausa kan canza da kuma ƙirƙira kalmomi ta wurin canza wasula amma banda baƙaken. Wannan ya sa ta dace da ƙyau don Musa Abugida gait in da wasula suna a rubuce kamar alamun dori. Duk da haka, hausa na kuma nuna yawanci sauti wanda ita da makwabta harsuna na Niger-Congo ke amfani da su kamar implosives, ejectives da (shaharare) iren-iren sauti.

A da, Hausa na rubuce da Ajami, wata rubutun Larabci amma cikin karni da ta wuce an rubuta shi da Boko, wata rubutun hannu na Latin. Boko na amfni da kanana kugiya don bambanta bambance-bambance na haruffan Turanci ta Latin amma baya nuna sautin ko tsawon wasali, duka biyu masu muhimminci a Hausa. Don me Hausawa su karba rubuce-rubuce tsari da baya rubuta duk sautin yarensu?

Najeriya babbar kasa ne me kuma bambanci sosai. Ta na da mutane fiye da miliyan ɗari biyu (200) da kuma aƙalla harsuna ɗari biyar (500). Kuma daidaitawar duk wannan bambanci ya zama ƙalubale na ƙarni. Saboda tahirin mulkin mallakan sa, Turanci it ace harshen hukuma sai ya zama cewa yawancin wasu harsuna na rubuce cikin haruffan Turanci amma wannan bai yiwu ba sosai. Dayawa harsuna na Najeriya suna da sauti wanda haruffan Turanci ba ta da kalmomi domin su.

Da, a shekara alib ɗari tara da ashirin da takwas (1928), wadansu masani sun fito da haruffan Afirka guda talatin da shida (36). An biyo wannan a alib ɗari tara da da saba’in da takwas (1978) da Bincike Haruffan Afirka da haruffa guda sitin (60) (cikin bugawa na karshe), kuma bayan shekaru kima, Haruffan talatin da uku (33) daga ‘yan Pan-Najeriya don harsuna Najeriya kadai. Amma, ba a yi cikakken amfani da haruffan ba ko kuma basu sami goyon baya ta wajen allon haruffa da kuma sigar rubutu.

Da zuwan ɗan Maƙalu a wannan ƙarni, yanzu akwai haruffa dubu daya da dari uku da hamsin (1350) cikin mikakken haruffa na Latin sun kuma sami goyon baya sosai. Amma abin wuce yarda shine wadansu harsuna na Najeriya ba su da wasu haruffai misali wasula masu karkshin ɗigo da alamun sauti.

Watakila domin sakamakon wannan tarihi na bakin ciki, da kokarin rubutu ba tare da haruffan mulkin mallaka, yawancin harsunan Najeriya sun samarwa da sabobin haruffa: Tafi na Hausa, Ndebe na Nyamiri, Oduduwa na Yarbawa da Adlam na Fula, misali. Haɗarin anan shineNajeriya za ta iya tsaga a cikin yankuna wadanda ba za su iya karanta harsunan juna ba kuma a karshe sakamakon zai zama cewa maimako harsuna Najeriya su sami cin gaba, za a tilasta kowa su yi rubutu da Turanci har ma a rubuta sunan mutane da wurare, yadda ke faruwa a kasar Indiya.

Musa shine amsa mai dacewa. Zai iya rubuta duk harsunan Najeriya (da Turanci) tare da harsuna bisa ga siffa guda goma (10) kawai a kanallon ashirin (20) ta allon haruffai. Cikin Musa, haruffan masu kamani daya suna zama a madadin sauti daya wanda an canja yanzu domin mai Magana da harcen Hausa zai iya karatun suna yamiri ba tare da masala ba in ma bai iya harcen yamiri ba. Ban da rubuta sauti da muke bukata, amma ba zaka sami lada in b aka yi rubutu da sauti yadda ke faruwa a yanzu – mutane sun zama kasalalu sukan cire alamun sauti yayin da Musa ba cikakken amsa na Najeriya, kuma a gado na mulkin mallaka da ya wuce ba.

Babbar amfani Musa bisa Boko da Ajami shi ne Musa ya na bada haruffan duk sautin harshen Hausa har da wanda ake amfani a wasu yaruka. Ba mu bukata ain mu rubuta ejectives kuma muna da ligatures don sautin baƙin ciki da na leɓe don a misali ƙʸ da ƙʷ duk na rubuce da haruffa guda.

Ba kamar Boko da Ajami ba, Musa na rubuta bambanci tsakani apical r da retroflex ɽ, tsakanin affricate ts' dj da sibilant s' zh, tsakani sautin marar motsi (unvoiced) c da ejective c', da rubuta glottal stop ko da yana ta fari. Mafi muhimminci,Musa na nuna yawancin gyare-gyare cikin furuci, har da ƙari da ragi – muna rubuta abin da kake fadi ba bin da kake tunani ba.

A kan rubuta Hausa cikin Musa Abugida gait, kamar wasu harsuna na Afroasiatic. Cikin Abugida gait, tsawon wasula, sauti da tsawon alama(wanda ake amfani da shi ta nuna tsawon wasali) na rubuce a sama ko kasan baƙake. Nan ga wasulan Hausa (ta amfani da د wa “kujera”):

Wasula

Gajerun Wasula Front Back
Close ِد  i ُد  u
Mid* ٜد  e ُد  o
Open َد  a

*Muna nuna haruffa don gajerun e o a sama amma don yaruka kawai masu bambanta su. A cikin yawancin yaruka sun haɗe zuwa gajeren a.

Tsawon wasula na rubuce bayan alaman tsaye, wanda ake kira dogon alama. Amma tsawon wasula ba sa amfani da haruffa daya kamar da na gajerun wasula:

Dogayun Wasula Front Back
Close ِد  i ُد  u
Mid ٜد  e ُد  o
Open َد  a

Akwai diphthongs guda biyu:

َیْ  ai َوْ  au

Lokaci-lokaci, kananan kalma (syllable) na hanci na ƙirƙira na shi karamin kalma. Ya nuna cewa, muna rubuta syllable ta bakaken sauti na hanci (m n ng) wanda sautin hanci na wasali ke biye .

An nuna doguwar da gajeren Sauti ta wurin tsayin wasalin: doguwar sauti na rubuce sama, a kan baƙin sai gajeren sauti na rubuce a ƙasan bakin. Wasula masu sautin saukowa na rubuce a sama amma suna da alaman harshe mai saukowa ƙarƙashin baƙin. Idan wasulan sun yi tsayi, dogon alamar yana tafiya a dama, amma akasin tsayin wasali.

high a:   low a:   falling a: 

Baƙake

Baƙake Labial Coronal Palatal Dorsal Glottal
Hissing Hushing Palatalized Plain Labialized
Nasal م m ن n ن ng
Implosive َٻ ɓ ط ɗ ۑ 'y/ƴ
Plosive Voiced ب b د d ج j  غ g 
Unvoiced ت t ث c ݣ  ك k ݣ  ع '
Ejective ط ts' ث c'  ƙʸ ق ƙ  ƙʷ
Fricative Voiced ز z ج j
Unvoiced ف f س s ش sh ف  fy ه h
Ejective ط s'
Approximant ل l ي y و w
Rhotic ر ر r

Ana amfani da glottal stop (mai alama a sama) a lokacin da wata wasali na ta farin wata kalma har da na cikin kalmomi.

Kamar yadda ka gane, ba kawai ne Musa na da duk haruffan da ake bukata don Hausa, amma sun ƙirƙira wata tsari: haruffa wand sautin sun a kama da juna, sun yi kama da juna. Wannan ya sa Musa na da sauki koya kuma yana yiwuwa dacewa bisa karamin allon haruffa: haruffan ashirin kawai.

A fili, Musa zai iya rubutun Hausa fiye da Boko ko Ajami kuma da saukin koya. Kuma za a iya amfani da Musa don duk sauran yaruka na Najeriya, Afirka da duniya.

Sample

Yanzu da ka san haruffan, me zai hana ka karanta wani Hausa cikin Musa?


A bar kaza cikin gaashinta.

Rubutu guda Biyu

Don kwatanta yadda Hausa yake a rubucecikin Musa, nan ga rubutu biyu; sakin layi daga wata labari daga Hausa Wikipedia, na fari da Musa, sai kuma da Boko don kwatanta.

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Najeriya kasa ce mai yawan Al'umma da ke zaune sama da kabilu guda 250 wadanda ke magana da yarurruka daban daban guda 500, dukkansu suna dauke da al'adu iri daban daban. Manyan kabilun guda uku sune Hausa-Fulani a arewa, Yarbawa a yamma, da kuma Igbo a gabas, wadanda suka hada da kashi 60% na yawan mutanen. Yaren hukuma shine Ingilishi, wanda aka zaba don sauƙaƙe haɗin harshe a matakin ƙkasa. Tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya tabbatar da 'yancin yin addini; kuma kasa ce dake dauke da Al'ummar musulmai da Krista na duniya, a lokaci guda.


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