Letter Reference

Letter Table

Here's a reference table that shows most of the letters by position and manner of articulation. Some suffixes and all the orthophonic affixes aren't in this table, but they are in the list that follows.

Position
Unvoiced Plosive
Voiced Plosive
Aspirated Plosive
Breathy Plosive
Ejective Plosive
Held Plosive
Implosive
Unvoiced Fricative
Voiced Fricative
Ejective Fricative
Approximant
Voiceless Approximant
Lateral
Voiceless Lateral
Nasal
Voiceless Nasal
Tap / Trill
Voiceless Tap / Trill
Click
Tap Sibilant Flap Sibilant

Back Rounded Front Nasal
Suffix
Semivowel
Close Vowel
Near-Close Vowel
Close-Mid Vowel
Open-Mid Vowel
Open Vowel

Letter List

And here is a list of all the Musa letters in the codeset, which we'll discuss on the next page. (Romusa shows our standard Roman transliteration, IPA shows the equivalent in the International Phonetic Alphabet, extIPA, or VoQS, X-S in X-SAMPA, and APA in WIELD's Americanist transcription system.) Click on the line to hear the sound that letter represents; if you hear a bell, that means we don't have a recording. The sound clips are from Wikipedia and are used in accordance with the Creative Commons license.

CodepointLetter NameRomusaIlaX-SAlaUnicode Name
E040 YayaAs MUSA WORD SPACE
E041 YafiAr˩˧MUSA LOW RISING ACCENT
E042 YafaAl˩ MUSA LOW LEVEL ACCENT
E043 YafuAf˧˩MUSA LOW FALLING ACCENT
E044 FiyaAR˧˥MUSA HIGH RISING ACCENT
E045 FifiAR Ar?MUSA DOUBLE RISING ACCENT
E046 FifaAR Al˥˩MUSA HIGH RISING FINAL ACCENT
E047 FifuAR Af˧˥˩MUSA RISE FALLING ACCENT
E048 FayaAL˥ MUSA HIGH LEVEL ACCENT
E049 FafiAL Ar˧˥˥MUSA LOW RISING FINAL ACCENT
E04A FafaAL Al.MUSA DOUBLE LEVEL ACCENT
E04B FafuAL Af˩˩˧MUSA LOW FALLING FINAL ACCENT
E04C FuyaAF˥˧MUSA HIGH FALLING ACCENT
E04D FufiAF Ar˧˩˥MUSA FALL RISING ACCENT
E04E FufaAF Al˥˧˩MUSA HIGH FALLING FINAL ACCENT
E04F FufuAF Af!MUSA DOUBLE FALLING ACCENT
E050 YuyaAVːMUSA HIGH LONG MARK
E051 YufiAV Ar[MUSA HIGH RISING LONG MARK
E052 YufaAV Al,MUSA HIGH LEVEL LONG MARK
E053 YufuAV Af]MUSA HIGH FALLING LONG MARK
E054 YayuAvːMUSA LOW LONG MARK
E055 FiyuAR Av(MUSA LOW RISING LONG MARK
E056 FayuAL Av¹MUSA LOW LEVEL LONG MARK
E057 FuyuAF Av)MUSA LOW FALLING LONG MARK
E058 NuyaAN˜˜˛MUSA HIGH NASAL VOWEL
E059 NufiAN ArMUSA HIGH RISING NASAL VOWEL
E05A NufaAN AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL NASAL VOWEL
E05B NufuAN AfMUSA HIGH FALLING NASAL VOWEL
E05C YatuAnMUSA LOW NASAL VOWEL
E05D FituAR AnMUSA LOW RISING NASAL VOWEL
E05E FatuAL AnMUSA LOW LEVEL NASAL VOWEL
E05F FutuAF AnMUSA LOW FALLING NASAL VOWEL
E060 MuyaeUɨ
ɯ
1
M
ɨ
ï
MUSA HIGH CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E061 MufieU ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E062 MufaeU AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E063 MufueU AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E064 YamueuMUSA LOW CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E065 FimuAR euMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E066 FamuAL euMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E067 FumuAF euMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E068 LuyaUUʊUʊMUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E069 LufiUU ArMUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E06A LufaUU AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E06B LufuUU AfMUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E06C YaluUuMUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E06D FiluAR UuMUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E06E FaluAL UuMUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E06F FuluAF UuMUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E070 NayaIIɪIɪMUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E071 NafiII ArMUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E072 NafaII AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E073 NafuII AfMUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E074 YanaIiMUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E075 FinaAR IiMUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E076 FanaAL IiMUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E077 FunaAF IiMUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E078 LayaUEʏYʊ̈MUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E079 LafiUE ArMUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E07A LafaUE AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E07B LafuUE AfMUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E07C YalaUeMUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E07D FilaAR UeMUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E07E FalaAL UeMUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E07F FulaAF UeMUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E080 KayaEAɐ
ʌ
ɜ
6
V
3
ʌ
ɛ̇
MUSA HIGH OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E081 KafiEA ArMUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E082 KafaEA AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E083 KafuEA AfMUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E084 YakaEaMUSA LOW OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E085 FikaAR EaMUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E086 FakaAL EaMUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E087 FukaAF EaMUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E088 TayaEEɛEɛMUSA HIGH OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E089 TafiEE ArMUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E08A TafaEE AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E08B TafuEE AfMUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E08C YataEeMUSA LOW OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E08D FitaAR EeMUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E08E FataAL EeMUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E08F FutaAF EeMUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E090 SayaOOɔOɔMUSA HIGH OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E091 SafiOO ArMUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E092 SafaOO AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E093 SafuOO AfMUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E094 YasaOoMUSA LOW OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E095 FisaAR OoMUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E096 FasaAL OoMUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E097 FusaAF OoMUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E098 WayaOEœ
ɞ
9
3\
ɔ̈
ɔ̇
MUSA HIGH OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E099 WafiOE ArMUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E09A WafaOE AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E09B WafuOE AfMUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E09C YawaOeMUSA LOW OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E09D FiwaAR OeMUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E09E FawaAL OeMUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E09F FuwaAF OeMUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0A0 MayaEUI\ɪ̈
MUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A1 MafiEU ArMUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A2 MafaEU AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A3 MafuEU AfMUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A4 YamaEuMUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A5 FimaAR EuMUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A6 FamaAL EuMUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A7 FumaAF EuMUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0A8 PiyauUuuuMUSA HIGH CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0A9 PifiuU ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0AA PifauU AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0AB PifuuU AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0AC YapiuuMUSA LOW CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0AD FipiAR uuMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0AE FapiAL uuMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0AF FupiAF uuMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0B0 WiyaoEø
ɵ
2
8

MUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B1 WifioE ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B2 WifaoE AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B3 WifuoE AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B4 YawioeMUSA LOW CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B5 FiwiAR oeMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B6 FawiAL oeMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B7 FuwiAF oeMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0B8 SiyaoOoooMUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0B9 SifioO ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0BA SifaoO AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0BB SifuoO AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0BC YasiooMUSA LOW CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0BD FisiAR ooMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0BE FasiAL ooMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0BF FusiAF ooMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0C0 TiyaeEeeeMUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C1 TifieE ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C2 TifaeE AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C3 TifueE AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C4 YatieeMUSA LOW CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C5 FitiAR eeMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C6 FatiAL eeMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C7 FutiAF eeMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0C8 KiyaeAə
ɘ
ɤ
@
@\
7
ə
ë
MUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0C9 KifieA ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0CA KifaeA AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0CB KifueA AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0CC YakieaMUSA LOW CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0CD FikiAR eaMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0CE FakiAL eaMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0CF FukiAF eaMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0D0 LiyauEy
ʉ
y
}
ü
ʉ
MUSA HIGH CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D1 LifiuE ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D2 LifauE AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D3 LifuuE AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D4 YaliueMUSA LOW CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D5 FiliAR ueMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D6 FaliAL ueMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D7 FuliAF ueMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL
E0D8 NiyaiIiiiMUSA HIGH CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0D9 NifiiI ArMUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0DA NifaiI AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0DB NifuiI AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0DC YaniiiMUSA LOW CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0DD FiniAR iiMUSA LOW RISING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0DE FaniAL iiMUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0DF FuniAF iiMUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0E0 SuyaaUɑ
ɒ
A
Q
ɑ
ɒ
MUSA HIGH OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E1 SufiaU ArMUSA HIGH RISING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E2 SufaaU AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E3 SufuaU AfMUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E4 YasuauMUSA LOW OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E5 FisuAR auMUSA LOW RISING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E6 FasuAL auMUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E7 FusuAF auMUSA LOW FALLING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL
E0E8 KuyaaAaaa
ɒ̈
MUSA HIGH OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0E9 KufiaA ArMUSA HIGH RISING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0EA KufaaA AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0EB KufuaA AfMUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0EC YakuaaMUSA LOW OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0ED FikuAR aaMUSA LOW RISING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0EE FakuAL aaMUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0EF FukuAF aaMUSA LOW FALLING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL
E0F0 TuyaaEæ{æ
æ̇
MUSA HIGH OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F1 TufiaE ArMUSA HIGH RISING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F2 TufaaE AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F3 TufuaE AfMUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F4 YatuaeMUSA LOW OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F5 FituAR aeMUSA LOW RISING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F6 FatuAL aeMUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F7 FutuAF aeMUSA LOW FALLING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL
E0F8 RuyaeRɝ
ɚ
3`
@`
ɝ
ɛ̇˞
MUSA CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E0F9 RufieR ArMUSA HIGH RISING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E0FA RufaeR AlMUSA HIGH LEVEL CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E0FB RufueR AfMUSA HIGH FALLING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E0FC YaruerMUSA LOW CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E0FD FiruAR erMUSA LOW RISING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E0FE FaruAL erMUSA LOW LEVEL CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E0FF FuruAF erMUSA LOW FALLING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL
E100 Yuyuyd..MUSA SYLLABLE BREAK
E101 Yutuyn˜ⁿ◌MUSA PRENASAL PREFIX
E102 YumuyBɰM\ _GMUSA VELAR SEMIVOWEL
MUSA VELARIZING SUFFIX
E103 Yuluylˡ_lMUSA LATERAL SUFFIX
E104 Yunayṳ_kMUSA STIFFENING SUFFIX
E105 Yulaya˷_tMUSA SLACKENING SUFFIX
E106 Yukayg˔_rMUSA RAISING SUFFIX
E107 Yutayi(unused)
E108 YusayZ˕_oMUSA LOWERING SUFFIX
E109 YuwaJdMUSA LARYNGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX
E10A YumaXdMUSA SECONDARY PHONATION SUFFIX
E10B Yupiywww _wwMUSA LABIAL-VELAR SEMIVOWEL
MUSA LABIALIZING SUFFIX
E10C YuwiyvMUSA ENDOLABIAL SUFFIX
E10D Yusiyzˍ_-MUSA RETRACTING SUFFIX
E10E Yutiyb˖_+MUSA ADVANCING SUFFIX
E10F YukiyGə̯_"MUSA CENTERING SEMIVOWEL
E110 YuliyYɥHMUSA LABIOPALATAL SEMIVOWEL
MUSA LABIOPALATAL SUFFIX
E111 Yuniyyjj _jyMUSA PALATAL SEMIVOWEL
MUSA PALATALIZING SUFFIX
E112 YusuyR_oMUSA OPENING SEMIVOWEL
E113 YukuyhˀMUSA GLOTTAL SUFFIX
E114 YutuyHˁ_?\MUSA EMPHATIC SUFFIX
E115 Yuruyrɻ ɹr\` r\ɹMUSA RHOTIC SEMIVOWEL
E116 NuyundnnnMUSA CORONAL NASAL
E118 NumumPŋ͡mNmMUSA LABIAL-VELAR NASAL
E11A NunantnNnMUSA ALTERNATE CORONAL NASAL
E11C NukangŋNŋMUSA VELAR NASAL
E11F NuwaJn͋MUSA NASAL FRICATIVE MANNER PREFIX
E120 NumaXnMUSA RAISED LARYNX PHONATION SUFFIX
E121 NupinwŋʷN_wŋʷMUSA ROUNDED VELAR NASAL
E122 NuwimvɱFMUSA LABIODENTAL NASAL
E124 NutimbmmmMUSA BILABIAL NASAL
E125 NukinGɴN\ŋ̇MUSA UVULAR NASAL
E126 NulinYȵn^ŋ̃MUSA ALVEOLO-PALATAL NASAL
E127 Nuninyɲn^ŋ̃MUSA PALATAL NASAL
E128 Nusunrɳn'MUSA RETROFLEX NASAL
E129 Nukunhɦ̃h\~MUSA NASAL GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT
E12C MuyuCtǀ|\ǀMUSA DENTAL CLICK
E12E MumuCpMUSA PILCROW
E12F MuluClǁ|\|\ǁMUSA LATERAL CLICK
E132 MukaCkʞMUSA VELAR CLICK
E134 MusaCSǂ=\ǂMUSA PALATAL CLICK
E135 MuwaJBʬ ʭMUSA PERCUSSIVE MANNER PREFIX
E136 MumaXBMUSA STRONG PHONATION SUFFIX
E139 MusiCsǃ!\ǃMUSA ALVEOLAR CLICK
E13A MutiCpʘO\ʘMUSA BILABIAL CLICK
E141 MuruCr!!!\!!MUSA RETROFLEX CLICK
E142 Luyuldɫl_GMUSA CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E144 LumulBlllMUSA VELARIZED CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E146 LunaltlllMUSA ALTERNATE CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E148 Lukalgʟ (ɫ)L\MUSA VELAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E14B LuwaJlʪ ʫMUSA LATERAL MEDIAL MANNER PREFIX
E14C LumaXlMUSA CREAKY PHONATION SUFFIX
E152 LulilYȴLMUSA ALVEOLO-PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E153 LunilyʃLMUSA PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E154 Lusulrɭl`MUSA RETROFLEX LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E158 NayuNtn_0MUSA VOICELESS CORONAL NASAL
E15A NamuMPŋ͡m̥Nm_0MUSA VOICELESS LABIAL-VELAR NASAL
E15C NanaNdn_0MUSA VOICELESS ALTERNATE CORONAL NASAL
E15E NakaNkŋ̊N_0 ŋ̊MUSA VOICELESS VELAR NASAL
E161 NawaJu'↓MUSA GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE MANNER PREFIX
E162 NamaXuMUSA INGRESSIVE PHONATION SUFFIX
E163 NapiNwŋ̊ʷN_0_w ŋ̊ʷMUSA ROUNDED VOICELESS VELAR NASAL
E164 NawiMfɱ̥F_0MUSA VOICELESS LABIODENTAL NASAL
E166 NatiMpm_0MUSA VOICELESS BILABIAL NASAL
E167 NakiNKɴ̥N\_0ŋ̥̇MUSA VOICELESS UVULAR NASAL
E168 NaliNYȵ̊J_0ñ̥MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLO-PALATAL NASAL
E169 NaniNyɲ̊J_0ñ̥MUSA VOICELESS PALATAL NASAL
E16A NasuNrɳ̊n`_0ṇ̊MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX NASAL
E16B NakuNhh~MUSA VOICELESS NASAL GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT
E16E LayuWtð̞̊D_o_0MUSA VOICELESS CORONAL APPROXIMANT
E170 LamuWPɹ̥̈r\_"_0MUSA VOICELESS MOLAR VELAR APPROXIMANT
E174 LakaWkM\_oMUSA VOICELESS VELAR APPROXIMANT
E176 LasaWSɹ̱̊r\_-_0MUSA VOICELESS POSTALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
E177 LawaJaMUSA LINGUAL EGRESSIVE MANNER PREFIX
E178 LamaXaMUSA PRESSED PHONATION SUFFIX
E179 LapiWwʍWMUSA VOICELESS LABIAL-VELAR APPROXIMANT
E17A LawiWfʋ̥v\_0ʋ̥MUSA VOICELESS LABIODENTAL APPROXIMANT
E17B LasiWsɹ̥r\_0MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
E17C LatiWpβ̞̊MUSA VOICELESS BILABIAL APPROXIMANT
E17D LakiWKχ̞X_oMUSA VOICELESS UVULAR APPROXIMANT
E17F LaniWyj_0MUSA VOICELESS PALATAL APPROXIMANT
E183 LaruWrɻ̥r\`_0MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT
E184 KayudddddMUSA VOICED CORONAL PLOSIVE
E186 KamugBɡ͡bgbMUSA VOICED LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE
E187 KaludldKλMUSA VOICED LATERAL AFFRICATE
E188 KanadtdddMUSA VOICED ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE
E18A KakaggɡggMUSA VOICED VELAR PLOSIVE
E18C KasadZʤdZMUSA VOICED HUSHING AFFRICATE
E18E KamaXgV!MUSA HARSH PHONATION SUFFIX
E18F Kapigwɡʷg_wMUSA ROUNDED VOICED VELAR PLOSIVE
E190 Kawibvb_dMUSA VOICED LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE
E191 KasidzʣdzdzMUSA VOICED HISSING AFFRICATE
E192 KatibbbbbMUSA VOICED BILABIAL PLOSIVE
E193 KakigGɢG\MUSA VOICED UVULAR PLOSIVE
E194 KaligYʥdz\dźMUSA VOICED HUMMING AFFRICATE
E195 KanigyɟJ\MUSA VOICED PALATAL PLOSIVE
E196 KasudRɖʐdz`dẓMUSA VOICED RUSTLING AFFRICATE
E199 Karudrɖd`MUSA VOICED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
E19A Tayuctt_}MUSA HELD CORONAL PLOSIVE
E19C TamucPkp̚kp_}MUSA HELD LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE
E1A0 Takackk_}MUSA HELD VELAR PLOSIVE
E1A3 TawaJiMUSA SPASMODIC DYSPHONIA AIRSTREAM PREFIX
E1A4 TamaXiMUSA WEAK PHONATION SUFFIX
E1A8 Taticpp_}MUSA HELD BILABIAL PLOSIVE
E1A9 TakicKq_}MUSA HELD UVULAR PLOSIVE
E1AB Tanicyc_}MUSA HELD PALATAL PLOSIVE
E1AF Tarucrʈ̚t`_}MUSA HELD RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
E1B0 SayuvdðDðMUSA VOICED CORONAL FRICATIVE
E1B3 SaluvlɮK\ɮMUSA VOICED CORONAL LATERAL FRICATIVE
E1B6 SakavgɣGɣMUSA VOICED VELAR FRICATIVE
E1B8 SasazZʒZMUSA VOICED HUSHING SIBILANT
E1B9 SawaJSMUSA BUCCAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX
E1BA SamaXSV!!MUSA VENTRICULAR PHONATION SUFFIX
E1BB SapivwɣʷG_wɣʷMUSA ROUNDED VOICED VELAR FRICATIVE
E1BC Sawivvvv v\ PvMUSA VOICED LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE
E1BD SasizzzzzMUSA VOICED HISSING SIBILANT
E1BE SativbβBβMUSA VOICED BILABIAL FRICATIVE
E1BF SakivGʁRɣ̇MUSA VOICED UVULAR FRICATIVE
E1C0 SalizYʑz\MUSA VOICED HUMMING SIBILANT
E1C1 Sanivyʝj\ɣ̯MUSA VOICED PALATAL FRICATIVE
E1C2 SasuzRʐz`MUSA VOICED RUSTLING SIBILANT
E1C3 SakuHhɦh\MUSA VOICED GLOTTAL FRICATIVE
E1C4 SatuHHʕ?\ʕMUSA VOICED PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE
E1C6 Wayujd*MUSA WILDCARD POSITION SUFFIX
E1C7 Watujn͆MUSA DENTOLABIAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1C8 WamujBMUSA DOMED VELAR POSITION SUFFIX
E1C9 WalujlMUSA LAMINAL RETROFLEX POSITION SUFFIX
E1CA WanajuMUSA LAMINAL INTERDENTAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1CB WalajaMUSA LAMINAL PALATOALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX
E1CC Wakajg͌MUSA VELOPHARYNGEAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1CD Wataji̼MUSA LINGUOLABIAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1CE WasajSMUSA APICAL PALATOALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX
E1CF WawajJˍMUSA RETRACTED POSITION SUFFIX
E1D1 Wapijw͇MUSA LABIOALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX
E1D2 Wawijf˖MUSA ADVANCED POSITION SUFFIX
E1D3 WasijsMUSA APICAL ALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX
E1D4 WatijbMUSA APICAL DENTAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1D5 WakijGMUSA VELODORSAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1D6 WalijYMUSA LAMINAL ALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX
E1D7 WanijyMUSA LAMINAL DENTAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1D8 WasujRMUSA APICAL RETROFLEX POSITION SUFFIX
E1D9 WakujhMUSA UPPER PHARYNGEAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1DA WatujH̪͆MUSA BIDENTAL POSITION SUFFIX
E1DB WarujrMUSA SUBAPICAL RETROFLEX POSITION SUFFIX
E1DC MayuxdMUSA SECONDARY PHONATION PREFIX
E1DD MatuxnMUSA RAISED LARYNX PHONATION PREFIX
E1DE MamuxB͈MUSA STRONG PHONATION PREFIX
E1DF MaluxlMUSA CREAKY PHONATION PREFIX
E1E0 ManaxuMUSA INGRESSIVE PHONATION PREFIX
E1E1 MalaxaMUSA PRESSED PHONATION PREFIX
E1E2 MakaxgV!MUSA HARSH PHONATION PREFIX
E1E3 Mataxi͉MUSA WEAK PHONATION PREFIX
E1E4 MasaxSV!!MUSA VENTRICULAR PHONATION PREFIX
E1E5 MawaxJMUSA MORE AIR PHONATION PREFIX
E1E6 MamaxXMUSA MODAL PHONATION PREFIX
E1E7 Mapixw( )MUSA SILENT PHONATION PREFIX
E1E8 MawixfMUSA MORE VOICE PHONATION PREFIX
E1E9 Masixs˳MUSA SLACK PHONATION PREFIX
E1EA MatixbMUSA HOLLOW PHONATION PREFIX
E1EB MakixGFMUSA FALSETTO PHONATION PREFIX
E1EC MalixYMUSA BREATHY PHONATION PREFIX
E1ED ManixyMUSA LOWERED LARYNX PHONATION PREFIX
E1EE MasuxR̭MUSA STIFF PHONATION PREFIX
E1EF MakuxhMUSA WHISPER PHONATION PREFIX
E1F0 MatuxHMUSA PHARYNGEALIZED PHONATION PREFIX
E1F1 MaruxrVᴬᴬMUSA GROWL PHONATION PREFIX
E1F2 Piyuwdð̞D_oMUSA CORONAL APPROXIMANT
E1F4 PimuwBɹ̈r\_"MUSA MOLAR VELAR APPROXIMANT
E1F8 Pikawgɣ̞M\MUSA VELAR APPROXIMANT
E1FA PisawZɹ̱r\_-MUSA POSTALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
E1FB PiwaJw͎MUSA WHISTLED MANNER PREFIX
E1FC PimaXw( )MUSA SILENT PHONATION SUFFIX
E1FD PipiwwMUSA LABIAL-VELAR APPROXIMANT
E1FE Piwiwvʋv\ PMUSA LABIODENTAL APPROXIMANT
E1FF Pisiwdɹr\_MUSA ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
E200 Pitiwbβ̞B_oMUSA BILABIAL APPROXIMANT
E201 PikiwGʁ̞R_oMUSA UVULAR APPROXIMANT
E203 PiniwyMUSA PALATAL APPROXIMANT
E205 Pikuwhʔ̰?_kMUSA GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT
E206 PituwHʕ̞?\_oMUSA PHARYNGEAL APPROXIMANT
E207 PiruWrɻr\`MUSA RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT
E208 WiyuTtt_hMUSA ASPIRATED CORONAL PLOSIVE
E20B WiluTltɬʰtK_hλʰMUSA ASPIRATED LATERAL AFFRICATE
E20C WinaTdt_hMUSA ASPIRATED ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE
E20E WikaKkk_hMUSA ASPIRATED VELAR PLOSIVE
E210 WisaTSʧʰtS_hčʰMUSA ASPIRATED HUSHING AFFRICATE
E212 WimaXfMUSA MORE VOICE PHONATION SUFFIX
E213 WipiKwkʰʷk_h_wkʰʷMUSA ROUNDED ASPIRATED VELAR PLOSIVE
E214 WiwiPfp̪ʰp_d_hMUSA ASPIRATED LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE
E215 WisiTsʦʰts_hMUSA ASPIRATED HISSING AFFRICATE
E216 WitiPpp_hMUSA ASPIRATED BILABIAL PLOSIVE
E217 WikiKKq_hMUSA ASPIRATED UVULAR PLOSIVE
E218 WiliKYʨʰts\_hćʰMUSA ASPIRATED HUMMING AFFRICATE
E219 WifuKyc_hk̯ʰMUSA ASPIRATED PALATAL PLOSIVE
E21A WisuTRʈʂʰts`_hc̣ʰMUSA ASPIRATED RUSTLING AFFRICATE
E21D WiruTrʈʰt`_hṭʰMUSA ASPIRATED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
E21E SiyuFtθʼD_>θ̓MUSA EJECTIVE CORONAL FRICATIVE
E221 SiluFlɬʼK\_>ł̓MUSA EJECTIVE CORONAL LATERAL FRICATIVE
E224 SikaFkx_>MUSA EJECTIVE VELAR FRICATIVE
E226 SisaSSʃʼS_>š̓MUSA EJECTIVE HUSHING SIBILANT
E228 SimaXs˳MUSA SLACK PHONATION SUFFIX
E22A SiwiFff_>MUSA EJECTIVE LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE
E22B SisiSss_>MUSA EJECTIVE HISSING SIBILANT
E22C TiwiFpɸʼp\_>ɸ̓MUSA EJECTIVE BILABIAL FRICATIVE
E22D SikiFKχʼX_>x̣̓MUSA EJECTIVE UVULAR FRICATIVE
E22E SiliSYɕʼs\ź̓MUSA EJECTIVE HUMMING SIBILANT
E22F SiniFyçʼc\x̯̓MUSA EJECTIVE PALATAL FRICATIVE
E230 SisuSRʂʼs`ẓ̓MUSA EJECTIVE RUSTLING SIBILANT
E232 SituFHMUSA SYMBOL
E234 Tiyuqtt_>MUSA EJECTIVE CORONAL PLOSIVE
E236 TimuqP͡kp'kp_>MUSA EJECTIVE LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE
E237 TiluqltɬʼtK_>λ̓MUSA EJECTIVE LATERAL AFFRICATE
E238 Tinaqdt_>MUSA EJECTIVE ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE
E23A Tikaqkk_>MUSA EJECTIVE VELAR PLOSIVE
E23C TisaqSʧʼtS_>č̓MUSA EJECTIVE HUSHING AFFRICATE
E23E TimaXbMUSA HOLLOW PHONATION SUFFIX
E23F Tipiqwkʷʼk_w_>kʷ̓MUSA ROUNDED EJECTIVE VELAR PLOSIVE
E240 Tiwiqfp̪ʼp_d_>MUSA EJECTIVE LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE
E241 Tisiqsʦʼts_>MUSA EJECTIVE HISSING AFFRICATE
E242 Titiqpp_>MUSA EJECTIVE BILABIAL PLOSIVE
E243 TikiqKq_>MUSA EJECTIVE UVULAR PLOSIVE
E244 TiliqYʨʼts\_>ć̓MUSA EJECTIVE HUMMING AFFRICATE
E245 Tiniqyc_>k̯̓MUSA EJECTIVE PALATAL PLOSIVE
E246 TisuqRʈʂʼts`_>c̣̓MUSA EJECTIVE RUSTLING AFFRICATE
E248 TituqHʡʼ>/_>c̣ʼMUSA EJECTIVE PHARYNGEAL PLOSIVE
E249 Tiruqrʈʼt`_>ṭ̓MUSA EJECTIVE RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
E24A KiyuQdɗd_<ɗMUSA VOICED ALVEOLAR IMPLOSIVE
E24C KimuQBɠ͡ɓgb_<MUSA VOICED LABIAL-VELAR IMPLOSIVE
E250 KikaQgɠg_<ɠMUSA VOICED VELAR IMPLOSIVE
E254 KimaXGFMUSA FALSETTO PHONATION SUFFIX
E258 KitiQbɓb_<ɓMUSA VOICED BILABIAL IMPLOSIVE
E259 KikiQGʛG\_<ʛMUSA VOICED UVULAR IMPLOSIVE
E25B KiniQyʄJ\_<ʄMUSA VOICED PALATAL IMPLOSIVE
E25D KikuQhMUSA EPIGLOTTAL STOP
E25F KiruQrd`_<MUSA VOICED RETROFLEX IMPLOSIVE
E260 LiyuLtl_0MUSA VOICELESS CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E262 LimuLPɫ̥l_G_0MUSA VOICELESS VELARIZED CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E264 LinaLdl_0MUSA VOICELESS ALTERNATE CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E266 LikaLkʟ̥L\_0MUSA VOICELESS VELAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E269 LiwaJYMUSA PULMONIC INGRESSIVE MANNER PREFIX
E26A LimaXYMUSA BREATHY PHONATION SUFFIX
E270 LiliLYȴ̥L_0MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLO-PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E271 LiniLyʎ̥L_0MUSA VOICELESS PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E272 LisuLrl`_0MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX LATERAL APPROXIMANT
E276 NiyuRtɾ̥4_0MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLAR TAP
E279 NiluRlɺ̥l\_0MUSA VOICELESS LATERAL TAP
E27E NisaRZr̝̊MUSA VOICELESS FRICATIVE TRILL
E27F NiwaJy͊MUSA DENASAL MANNER PREFIX
E280 NimaXyMUSA LOWERED LARYNX PHONATION SUFFIX
E283 NisiRsr_0r̥̃MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLAR TRILL
E284 NitiRbʙ̥B\_0MUSA VOICELESS BILABIAL TRILL
E285 NikiRKʀ̥R\_0MUSA VOICELESS UVULAR TRILL
E288 NisuRRɽr̥r_r_0ṛ̥̃MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX TRILL
E28A NituRHʜH\MUSA VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL TRILL
E28B NiruRrɽ̊r̥r\_0MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX TRILL
E28C SuyuftθTθMUSA UNVOICED CORONAL FRICATIVE
E28F SuluflɬKłMUSA UNVOICED CORONAL LATERAL FRICATIVE
E291 SulaszsssMUSA UNVOICED ALTERNATE HISSING SIBILANT
E292 Sukafkxx x\xMUSA UNVOICED VELAR FRICATIVE
E294 SusasSʃSMUSA UNVOICED HUSHING SIBILANT
E295 SuwaJRŒMUSA ESOPHAGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX
E296 SumaXR̭MUSA STIFF PHONATION SUFFIX
E297 Supifwx_wMUSA ROUNDED UNVOICED VELAR FRICATIVE
E298 SuwifffffMUSA UNVOICED LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE
E299 SusisssssMUSA UNVOICED HISSING SIBILANT
E29A Sutifpɸp\ɸMUSA UNVOICED BILABIAL FRICATIVE
E29B SukifKχXMUSA UNVOICED UVULAR FRICATIVE
E29C SulisYɕs\MUSA UNVOICED HUMMING SIBILANT
E29D SunifyçcMUSA UNVOICED PALATAL FRICATIVE
E29E SususRʂs`MUSA UNVOICED RUSTLING SIBILANT
E29F SukuhhhhhMUSA UNVOICED GLOTTAL FRICATIVE
E2A0 SutuhHħX\ħMUSA UNVOICED PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE
E2A2 KuyuDdd_tMUSA BREATHY CORONAL PLOSIVE
E2A5 KuluDldɮʱdK_tλ̤MUSA BREATHY LATERAL AFFRICATE
E2A8 KukaGgɡʱg_tMUSA BREATHY VELAR PLOSIVE
E2AA KusaDZʤʱdZ_tǰ̤MUSA BREATHY HUSHING AFFRICATE
E2AB KuwaJhV̬!!MUSA DIPLOPHONIA AIRSTREAM PREFIX
E2AC KumaXhMUSA WHISPER PHONATION SUFFIX
E2AD KupiGwɡʱʷg_t_wg̤ʷMUSA ROUNDED BREATHY VELAR PLOSIVE
E2AE KuwiBvb̪ʱb_d_tMUSA BREATHY LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE
E2AF KusiDzʣʱdz_tdz̤MUSA BREATHY HISSING AFFRICATE
E2B0 KutiBbb_tMUSA BREATHY BILABIAL PLOSIVE
E2B1 KukiGGɢʱG\_tġ̤MUSA BREATHY UVULAR PLOSIVE
E2B2 KuliGYʥʱdz\_tdź̤MUSA BREATHY HUMMING AFFRICATE
E2B3 KuniGyɟʱj\_tg̣̤MUSA BREATHY PALATAL PLOSIVE
E2B4 KusuDRɖʐʱdz`_tdẓ̤MUSA BREATHY RUSTLING AFFRICATE
E2B7 KuruDrɖʱd`_tḍ̤MUSA BREATHY RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
E2B8 TuyutttttMUSA UNVOICED CORONAL PLOSIVE
E2BA TumukPk͡pkpMUSA UNVOICED LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE
E2BB TulutltKƛMUSA UNVOICED LATERAL AFFRICATE
E2BC TunatdtttMUSA UNVOICED ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE
E2BD TulatzʦtscMUSA UNVOICED ALTERNATE HISSING AFFRICATE
E2BE TukakkkkkMUSA UNVOICED VELAR PLOSIVE
E2C0 TusatSʧtSMUSA UNVOICED HUSHING AFFRICATE
E2C1 TuwaJHЮMUSA TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX
E2C2 TumaXHMUSA PHARYNGEALIZED PHONATION SUFFIX
E2C3 Tupikwk_wMUSA ROUNDED UNVOICED VELAR PLOSIVE
E2C4 Tuwipfp_dMUSA UNVOICED LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE
E2C5 TusitsʦtscMUSA UNVOICED HISSING AFFRICATE
E2C6 TutipppppMUSA UNVOICED BILABIAL PLOSIVE
E2C7 TukikKqqqMUSA UNVOICED UVULAR PLOSIVE
E2C8 TulikYʨts\MUSA UNVOICED HUMMING AFFRICATE
E2C9 TunikyccMUSA UNVOICED PALATAL PLOSIVE
E2CA TusutRʈʂts`MUSA UNVOICED RUSTLING AFFRICATE
E2CB Tukukhʔ?MUSA GLOTTAL STOP
E2CC TutukHʡ>/MUSA UNVOICED PHARYNGEAL PLOSIVE
E2CD Turutrʈt`MUSA UNVOICED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
E2CE Ruyurdɾ4rMUSA ALVEOLAR TAP
E2D1 Rulurlɺl\MUSA LATERAL FLAP
E2D6 RusarZMUSA FRICATIVE TRILL
E2D7 RuwaJrИMUSA ELECTROLARYNGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX
E2D8 RumaXrVᴬᴬMUSA GROWL PHONATION SUFFIX
E2DA RuwirvMUSA LABIAL FLAP
E2DB RusirzrrMUSA ALVEOLAR TRILL
E2DC RutirbʙB\MUSA BILABIAL TRILL
E2DD RukirGʀR\ʀMUSA UVULAR TRILL
E2E0 Rusurrɽrr_rṛ̃MUSA RETROFLEX TRILL
E2E2 RuturHʢ<\MUSA PHARYNGEAL TRILL
E2E3 RururrɽrMUSA RETROFLEX FLAP
CodepointLetterNameRomusaIlaX-SAlaUnicode Name

Romusa Transliterations

The Romusa column in the list above refers to a standard set of transliterations of Musa into the Roman alphabet, the Musa version of X-SAMPA. Each Romusa code consists of a digraph - two letters - from the familiar 26-letter English alphabet. When spelling out a Romusa transliteration, digraphs are separated with a space. But Romusa distinguishes lowercase and UPPERCASE letters, so ss sS Ss SS are four different digraphs. When reading Romusa digraphs aloud, we read the capital letters using the NATO spelling alphabet: Alfa Bravo Charlie .... So sS is read "ess sierra".

Here's how it works. The first letter represents the manner of articulation, and the second letter represents the position of articulation. Each manner and each position are represented by the English letters that have that manner or position. For example, the digraphs for the voiced stops and affricates all start with b d or g. We try to use the one that's closest to the sound being represented: b for labial sounds, d for coronal sounds, and g for dorsal sounds.

Meanwhile, the digraphs for bilabial sounds all end with p or b, the bilabial sounds in the Roman alphabet. The digraphs for labiodental sounds all end with f or v, the labiodental sounds in the Roman alphabet. So the digraph bb spells the ordinary voiced bilabial b sound, while bv spells the rare labiodental b (written in IPA and ȸ in Bantu). The digraphs for the tenuis analogs are pp and pf.

I'm not going to go over the entire chart like this - you can see them all below. But I'll mention that we use uppercase letters to indicate a variant. For example, uppercase P starts the digraphs for aspirated stops, and uppercase P ends labial-velar digraphs.

Vowel and accent also use digraphs, with the second letter indicating height: uppercase for high and lowercase for low. Accents are written before low vowels and after high vowels: Al EA is an open schwa with a low level tone (), while Ea AL is a closed schwa (ɐ) with a high level tone (). Punctuation is written with two accent digraphs: Al AL is the Musa equals sign (). There are also digraphs starting with j, J, x, or X for the orthophonic affixes.


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