Here's a reference table that shows most of the letters by position and manner of articulation. Some suffixes and all the orthophonic affixes aren't in this table, but they are in the list that follows.
Position | ![]() |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unvoiced Plosive | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Voiced Plosive | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
Aspirated Plosive | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Breathy Plosive | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
Ejective Plosive | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Held Plosive | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Implosive | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Unvoiced Fricative | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
Voiced Fricative | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Ejective Fricative | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||
Approximant | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||
Voiceless Approximant | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||
Lateral | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Voiceless Lateral | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Nasal | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||
Voiceless Nasal | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||
Tap / Trill | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||
Voiceless Tap / Trill | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||
Click | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Tap | Sibilant | Flap | Sibilant | |||||||||||||||
Back | Rounded | Front | Nasal | |||||||||||||||
Suffix | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||
Semivowel | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||
Close Vowel | | | | | | |||||||||||||
Near-Close Vowel | | | | | ||||||||||||||
Close-Mid Vowel | | | | | | |||||||||||||
Open-Mid Vowel | | | | | ||||||||||||||
Open Vowel | | | |
And here is a list of all the Musa letters in the codeset, which we'll discuss on the next page. (Romusa shows our standard Roman transliteration, IPA shows the equivalent in the International Phonetic Alphabet, extIPA, or VoQS, X-S in X-SAMPA, and APA in WIELD's Americanist transcription system.) Click on the line to hear the sound that letter represents; if you hear a bell, that means we don't have a recording. The sound clips are from Wikipedia and are used in accordance with the Creative Commons license.
Codepoint | Letter | Name | Romusa | Ila | X-S | Ala | Unicode Name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E040 | | Yaya | As | MUSA WORD SPACE | ||||
E041 | | Yafi | Ar | ˩˧ | MUSA LOW RISING ACCENT | |||
E042 | | Yafa | Al | ˩ | MUSA LOW LEVEL ACCENT | |||
E043 | | Yafu | Af | ˧˩ | MUSA LOW FALLING ACCENT | |||
E044 | | Fiya | AR | ˧˥ | MUSA HIGH RISING ACCENT | |||
E045 | | Fifi | AR Ar | ? | MUSA DOUBLE RISING ACCENT | |||
E046 | | Fifa | AR Al | ˥˩ | MUSA HIGH RISING FINAL ACCENT | |||
E047 | | Fifu | AR Af | ˧˥˩ | MUSA RISE FALLING ACCENT | |||
E048 | | Faya | AL | ˥ | MUSA HIGH LEVEL ACCENT | |||
E049 | | Fafi | AL Ar | ˧˥˥ | MUSA LOW RISING FINAL ACCENT | |||
E04A | | Fafa | AL Al | . | MUSA DOUBLE LEVEL ACCENT | |||
E04B | | Fafu | AL Af | ˩˩˧ | MUSA LOW FALLING FINAL ACCENT | |||
E04C | | Fuya | AF | ˥˧ | MUSA HIGH FALLING ACCENT | |||
E04D | | Fufi | AF Ar | ˧˩˥ | MUSA FALL RISING ACCENT | |||
E04E | | Fufa | AF Al | ˥˧˩ | MUSA HIGH FALLING FINAL ACCENT | |||
E04F | | Fufu | AF Af | ! | MUSA DOUBLE FALLING ACCENT | |||
E050 | | Yuya | AV | ː | MUSA HIGH LONG MARK | |||
E051 | | Yufi | AV Ar | [ | MUSA HIGH RISING LONG MARK | |||
E052 | | Yufa | AV Al | , | MUSA HIGH LEVEL LONG MARK | |||
E053 | | Yufu | AV Af | ] | MUSA HIGH FALLING LONG MARK | |||
E054 | | Yayu | Av | ː | MUSA LOW LONG MARK | |||
E055 | | Fiyu | AR Av | ( | MUSA LOW RISING LONG MARK | |||
E056 | | Fayu | AL Av | ¹ | MUSA LOW LEVEL LONG MARK | |||
E057 | | Fuyu | AF Av | ) | MUSA LOW FALLING LONG MARK | |||
E058 | | Nuya | AN | ˜ | ˜ | ˛ | MUSA HIGH NASAL VOWEL | |
E059 | | Nufi | AN Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING NASAL VOWEL | ||||
E05A | | Nufa | AN Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL NASAL VOWEL | ||||
E05B | | Nufu | AN Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING NASAL VOWEL | ||||
E05C | | Yatu | An | MUSA LOW NASAL VOWEL | ||||
E05D | | Fitu | AR An | MUSA LOW RISING NASAL VOWEL | ||||
E05E | | Fatu | AL An | MUSA LOW LEVEL NASAL VOWEL | ||||
E05F | | Futu | AF An | MUSA LOW FALLING NASAL VOWEL | ||||
E060 | | Muya | eU | ɨ ɯ | 1 M | ɨ ï | MUSA HIGH CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | |
E061 | | Mufi | eU Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E062 | | Mufa | eU Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E063 | | Mufu | eU Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E064 | | Yamu | eu | MUSA LOW CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E065 | | Fimu | AR eu | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E066 | | Famu | AL eu | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E067 | | Fumu | AF eu | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E068 | | Luya | UU | ʊ | U | ʊ | MUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | |
E069 | | Lufi | UU Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E06A | | Lufa | UU Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E06B | | Lufu | UU Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E06C | | Yalu | Uu | MUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E06D | | Filu | AR Uu | MUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E06E | | Falu | AL Uu | MUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E06F | | Fulu | AF Uu | MUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E070 | | Naya | II | ɪ | I | ɪ | MUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | |
E071 | | Nafi | II Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E072 | | Nafa | II Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E073 | | Nafu | II Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E074 | | Yana | Ii | MUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E075 | | Fina | AR Ii | MUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E076 | | Fana | AL Ii | MUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E077 | | Funa | AF Ii | MUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E078 | | Laya | UE | ʏ | Y | ʊ̈ | MUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | |
E079 | | Lafi | UE Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E07A | | Lafa | UE Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E07B | | Lafu | UE Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E07C | | Yala | Ue | MUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E07D | | Fila | AR Ue | MUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E07E | | Fala | AL Ue | MUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E07F | | Fula | AF Ue | MUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E080 | | Kaya | EA | ɐ ʌ ɜ | 6 V 3 | ʌ ɛ̇ | MUSA HIGH OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | |
E081 | | Kafi | EA Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E082 | | Kafa | EA Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E083 | | Kafu | EA Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E084 | | Yaka | Ea | MUSA LOW OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E085 | | Fika | AR Ea | MUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E086 | | Faka | AL Ea | MUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E087 | | Fuka | AF Ea | MUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E088 | | Taya | EE | ɛ | E | ɛ | MUSA HIGH OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | |
E089 | | Tafi | EE Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E08A | | Tafa | EE Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E08B | | Tafu | EE Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E08C | | Yata | Ee | MUSA LOW OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E08D | | Fita | AR Ee | MUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E08E | | Fata | AL Ee | MUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E08F | | Futa | AF Ee | MUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E090 | | Saya | OO | ɔ | O | ɔ | MUSA HIGH OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | |
E091 | | Safi | OO Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E092 | | Safa | OO Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E093 | | Safu | OO Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E094 | | Yasa | Oo | MUSA LOW OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E095 | | Fisa | AR Oo | MUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E096 | | Fasa | AL Oo | MUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E097 | | Fusa | AF Oo | MUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E098 | | Waya | OE | œ ɞ | 9 3\ | ɔ̈ ɔ̇ | MUSA HIGH OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | |
E099 | | Wafi | OE Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E09A | | Wafa | OE Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E09B | | Wafu | OE Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E09C | | Yawa | Oe | MUSA LOW OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E09D | | Fiwa | AR Oe | MUSA LOW RISING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E09E | | Fawa | AL Oe | MUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E09F | | Fuwa | AF Oe | MUSA LOW FALLING OPEN-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0A0 | | Maya | EU | ᵻ | I\ | ɪ̈ ᵻ | MUSA HIGH NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | |
E0A1 | | Mafi | EU Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0A2 | | Mafa | EU Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0A3 | | Mafu | EU Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0A4 | | Yama | Eu | MUSA LOW NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0A5 | | Fima | AR Eu | MUSA LOW RISING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0A6 | | Fama | AL Eu | MUSA LOW LEVEL NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0A7 | | Fuma | AF Eu | MUSA LOW FALLING NEAR-CLOSE BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0A8 | | Piya | uU | u | u | u | MUSA HIGH CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | |
E0A9 | | Pifi | uU Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0AA | | Pifa | uU Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0AB | | Pifu | uU Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0AC | | Yapi | uu | MUSA LOW CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0AD | | Fipi | AR uu | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0AE | | Fapi | AL uu | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0AF | | Fupi | AF uu | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B0 | | Wiya | oE | ø ɵ | 2 8 | ö ȯ | MUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | |
E0B1 | | Wifi | oE Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B2 | | Wifa | oE Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B3 | | Wifu | oE Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B4 | | Yawi | oe | MUSA LOW CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B5 | | Fiwi | AR oe | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B6 | | Fawi | AL oe | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B7 | | Fuwi | AF oe | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0B8 | | Siya | oO | o | o | o | MUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | |
E0B9 | | Sifi | oO Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0BA | | Sifa | oO Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0BB | | Sifu | oO Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0BC | | Yasi | oo | MUSA LOW CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0BD | | Fisi | AR oo | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0BE | | Fasi | AL oo | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0BF | | Fusi | AF oo | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0C0 | | Tiya | eE | e | e | e | MUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | |
E0C1 | | Tifi | eE Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0C2 | | Tifa | eE Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0C3 | | Tifu | eE Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0C4 | | Yati | ee | MUSA LOW CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0C5 | | Fiti | AR ee | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0C6 | | Fati | AL ee | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0C7 | | Futi | AF ee | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0C8 | | Kiya | eA | ə ɘ ɤ | @ @\ 7 | ə ë | MUSA HIGH CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | |
E0C9 | | Kifi | eA Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0CA | | Kifa | eA Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0CB | | Kifu | eA Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0CC | | Yaki | ea | MUSA LOW CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0CD | | Fiki | AR ea | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0CE | | Faki | AL ea | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0CF | | Fuki | AF ea | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE-MID BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0D0 | | Liya | uE | y ʉ | y } | ü ʉ | MUSA HIGH CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | |
E0D1 | | Lifi | uE Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0D2 | | Lifa | uE Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0D3 | | Lifu | uE Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0D4 | | Yali | ue | MUSA LOW CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0D5 | | Fili | AR ue | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0D6 | | Fali | AL ue | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0D7 | | Fuli | AF ue | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE FRONT ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0D8 | | Niya | iI | i | i | i | MUSA HIGH CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | |
E0D9 | | Nifi | iI Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0DA | | Nifa | iI Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0DB | | Nifu | iI Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0DC | | Yani | ii | MUSA LOW CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0DD | | Fini | AR ii | MUSA LOW RISING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0DE | | Fani | AL ii | MUSA LOW LEVEL CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0DF | | Funi | AF ii | MUSA LOW FALLING CLOSE FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0E0 | | Suya | aU | ɑ ɒ | A Q | ɑ ɒ | MUSA HIGH OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | |
E0E1 | | Sufi | aU Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0E2 | | Sufa | aU Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0E3 | | Sufu | aU Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0E4 | | Yasu | au | MUSA LOW OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0E5 | | Fisu | AR au | MUSA LOW RISING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0E6 | | Fasu | AL au | MUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0E7 | | Fusu | AF au | MUSA LOW FALLING OPEN BACK ROUND VOWEL | ||||
E0E8 | | Kuya | aA | a | a | a ɒ̈ | MUSA HIGH OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | |
E0E9 | | Kufi | aA Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0EA | | Kufa | aA Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0EB | | Kufu | aA Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0EC | | Yaku | aa | MUSA LOW OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0ED | | Fiku | AR aa | MUSA LOW RISING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0EE | | Faku | AL aa | MUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0EF | | Fuku | AF aa | MUSA LOW FALLING OPEN BACK SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F0 | | Tuya | aE | æ | { | æ æ̇ | MUSA HIGH OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | |
E0F1 | | Tufi | aE Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F2 | | Tufa | aE Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F3 | | Tufu | aE Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F4 | | Yatu | ae | MUSA LOW OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F5 | | Fitu | AR ae | MUSA LOW RISING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F6 | | Fatu | AL ae | MUSA LOW LEVEL OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F7 | | Futu | AF ae | MUSA LOW FALLING OPEN FRONT SPREAD VOWEL | ||||
E0F8 | | Ruya | eR | ɝ ɚ | 3` @` | ɝ ɛ̇˞ | MUSA CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | |
E0F9 | | Rufi | eR Ar | MUSA HIGH RISING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | ||||
E0FA | | Rufa | eR Al | MUSA HIGH LEVEL CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | ||||
E0FB | | Rufu | eR Af | MUSA HIGH FALLING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | ||||
E0FC | | Yaru | er | MUSA LOW CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | ||||
E0FD | | Firu | AR er | MUSA LOW RISING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | ||||
E0FE | | Faru | AL er | MUSA LOW LEVEL CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | ||||
E0FF | | Furu | AF er | MUSA LOW FALLING CENTRAL RHOTIC VOWEL | ||||
E100 | | Yuyu | yd | . | . | MUSA SYLLABLE BREAK | ||
E101 | | Yutu | yn | ⁿ | ˜ | ⁿ◌ | MUSA PRENASAL PREFIX | |
E102 | | Yumu | yB | ɰ | M\ _G | ẉ | MUSA VELAR SEMIVOWEL MUSA VELARIZING SUFFIX | |
E103 | | Yulu | yl | ˡ | _l | MUSA LATERAL SUFFIX | ||
E104 | | Yuna | yu | ̤ | _k | MUSA STIFFENING SUFFIX | ||
E105 | | Yula | ya | ˷ | _t | MUSA SLACKENING SUFFIX | ||
E106 | | Yuka | yg | ˔ | _r | MUSA RAISING SUFFIX | ||
E107 | | Yuta | yi | (unused) | ||||
E108 | | Yusa | yZ | ˕ | _o | MUSA LOWERING SUFFIX | ||
E109 | | Yuwa | Jd | MUSA LARYNGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX | ||||
E10A | | Yuma | Xd | MUSA SECONDARY PHONATION SUFFIX | ||||
E10B | | Yupi | yw | w | w _w | w | MUSA LABIAL-VELAR SEMIVOWEL MUSA LABIALIZING SUFFIX | |
E10C | | Yuwi | yv | ᶹ | MUSA ENDOLABIAL SUFFIX | |||
E10D | | Yusi | yz | ˍ | _- | MUSA RETRACTING SUFFIX | ||
E10E | | Yuti | yb | ˖ | _+ | MUSA ADVANCING SUFFIX | ||
E10F | | Yuki | yG | ə̯ | _" | MUSA CENTERING SEMIVOWEL | ||
E110 | | Yuli | yY | ɥ | H | ẅ | MUSA LABIOPALATAL SEMIVOWEL MUSA LABIOPALATAL SUFFIX | |
E111 | | Yuni | yy | j | j _j | y | MUSA PALATAL SEMIVOWEL MUSA PALATALIZING SUFFIX | |
E112 | | Yusu | yR | a̯ | _o | MUSA OPENING SEMIVOWEL | ||
E113 | | Yuku | yh | ˀ | MUSA GLOTTAL SUFFIX | |||
E114 | | Yutu | yH | ˁ | _?\ | MUSA EMPHATIC SUFFIX | ||
E115 | | Yuru | yr | ɻ ɹ | r\` r\ | ɹ | MUSA RHOTIC SEMIVOWEL | |
E116 | | Nuyu | nd | n | n | n | MUSA CORONAL NASAL | |
E118 | | Numu | mP | ŋ͡m | Nm | MUSA LABIAL-VELAR NASAL | ||
E11A | | Nuna | nt | n | N | n | MUSA ALTERNATE CORONAL NASAL | |
E11C | | Nuka | ng | ŋ | N | ŋ | MUSA VELAR NASAL | |
E11F | | Nuwa | Jn | ͋ | MUSA NASAL FRICATIVE MANNER PREFIX | |||
E120 | | Numa | Xn | L̝ | MUSA RAISED LARYNX PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E121 | | Nupi | nw | ŋʷ | N_w | ŋʷ | MUSA ROUNDED VELAR NASAL | |
E122 | | Nuwi | mv | ɱ | F | MUSA LABIODENTAL NASAL | ||
E124 | | Nuti | mb | m | m | m | MUSA BILABIAL NASAL | |
E125 | | Nuki | nG | ɴ | N\ | ŋ̇ | MUSA UVULAR NASAL | |
E126 | | Nuli | nY | ȵ | n^ | ŋ̃ | MUSA ALVEOLO-PALATAL NASAL | |
E127 | | Nuni | ny | ɲ | n^ | ŋ̃ | MUSA PALATAL NASAL | |
E128 | | Nusu | nr | ɳ | n' | ṇ | MUSA RETROFLEX NASAL | |
E129 | | Nuku | nh | ɦ̃ | h\~ | MUSA NASAL GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E12C | | Muyu | Ct | ǀ | |\ | ǀ | MUSA DENTAL CLICK | |
E12E | | Mumu | Cp | ¶ | MUSA PILCROW | |||
E12F | | Mulu | Cl | ǁ | |\|\ | ǁ | MUSA LATERAL CLICK | |
E132 | | Muka | Ck | ʞ | MUSA VELAR CLICK | |||
E134 | | Musa | CS | ǂ | =\ | ǂ | MUSA PALATAL CLICK | |
E135 | | Muwa | JB | ʬ ʭ | MUSA PERCUSSIVE MANNER PREFIX | |||
E136 | | Muma | XB | V͈ | MUSA STRONG PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E139 | | Musi | Cs | ǃ | !\ | ǃ | MUSA ALVEOLAR CLICK | |
E13A | | Muti | Cp | ʘ | O\ | ʘ | MUSA BILABIAL CLICK | |
E141 | | Muru | Cr | !! | !\ | !! | MUSA RETROFLEX CLICK | |
E142 | | Luyu | ld | ɫ | l_G | MUSA CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E144 | | Lumu | lB | l | l | l | MUSA VELARIZED CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | |
E146 | | Luna | lt | l | l | l | MUSA ALTERNATE CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | |
E148 | | Luka | lg | ʟ (ɫ) | L\ | MUSA VELAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E14B | | Luwa | Jl | ʪ ʫ | MUSA LATERAL MEDIAL MANNER PREFIX | |||
E14C | | Luma | Xl | C̰ | MUSA CREAKY PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E152 | | Luli | lY | ȴ | L | lʸ | MUSA ALVEOLO-PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | |
E153 | | Luni | ly | ʃ | L | lʸ | MUSA PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | |
E154 | | Lusu | lr | ɭ | l` | MUSA RETROFLEX LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E158 | | Nayu | Nt | n̥ | n_0 | n̥ | MUSA VOICELESS CORONAL NASAL | |
E15A | | Namu | MP | ŋ͡m̥ | Nm_0 | MUSA VOICELESS LABIAL-VELAR NASAL | ||
E15C | | Nana | Nd | n̥ | n_0 | n̥ | MUSA VOICELESS ALTERNATE CORONAL NASAL | |
E15E | | Naka | Nk | ŋ̊ | N_0 | ŋ̊ | MUSA VOICELESS VELAR NASAL | |
E161 | | Nawa | Ju | '↓ | MUSA GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE MANNER PREFIX | |||
E162 | | Nama | Xu | ↓ | MUSA INGRESSIVE PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E163 | | Napi | Nw | ŋ̊ʷ | N_0_w | ŋ̊ʷ | MUSA ROUNDED VOICELESS VELAR NASAL | |
E164 | | Nawi | Mf | ɱ̥ | F_0 | MUSA VOICELESS LABIODENTAL NASAL | ||
E166 | | Nati | Mp | m̥ | m_0 | m̥ | MUSA VOICELESS BILABIAL NASAL | |
E167 | | Naki | NK | ɴ̥ | N\_0 | ŋ̥̇ | MUSA VOICELESS UVULAR NASAL | |
E168 | | Nali | NY | ȵ̊ | J_0 | ñ̥ | MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLO-PALATAL NASAL | |
E169 | | Nani | Ny | ɲ̊ | J_0 | ñ̥ | MUSA VOICELESS PALATAL NASAL | |
E16A | | Nasu | Nr | ɳ̊ | n`_0 | ṇ̊ | MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX NASAL | |
E16B | | Naku | Nh | h̃ | h~ | MUSA VOICELESS NASAL GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E16E | | Layu | Wt | ð̞̊ | D_o_0 | MUSA VOICELESS CORONAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E170 | | Lamu | WP | ɹ̥̈ | r\_"_0 | MUSA VOICELESS MOLAR VELAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E174 | | Laka | Wk | x̞ | M\_o | MUSA VOICELESS VELAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E176 | | Lasa | WS | ɹ̱̊ | r\_-_0 | MUSA VOICELESS POSTALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E177 | | Lawa | Ja | ↑ | MUSA LINGUAL EGRESSIVE MANNER PREFIX | |||
E178 | | Lama | Xa | V͈ | MUSA PRESSED PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E179 | | Lapi | Ww | ʍ | W | w̥ | MUSA VOICELESS LABIAL-VELAR APPROXIMANT | |
E17A | | Lawi | Wf | ʋ̥ | v\_0 | ʋ̥ | MUSA VOICELESS LABIODENTAL APPROXIMANT | |
E17B | | Lasi | Ws | ɹ̥ | r\_0 | MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E17C | | Lati | Wp | β̞̊ | MUSA VOICELESS BILABIAL APPROXIMANT | |||
E17D | | Laki | WK | χ̞ | X_o | MUSA VOICELESS UVULAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E17F | | Lani | Wy | j̊ | j_0 | MUSA VOICELESS PALATAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E183 | | Laru | Wr | ɻ̥ | r\`_0 | MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT | ||
E184 | | Kayu | dd | d | d | d | MUSA VOICED CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E186 | | Kamu | gB | ɡ͡b | gb | MUSA VOICED LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE | ||
E187 | | Kalu | dl | dɮ | dK | λ | MUSA VOICED LATERAL AFFRICATE | |
E188 | | Kana | dt | d | d | d | MUSA VOICED ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E18A | | Kaka | gg | ɡ | g | g | MUSA VOICED VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E18C | | Kasa | dZ | ʤ | dZ | ǰ | MUSA VOICED HUSHING AFFRICATE | |
E18E | | Kama | Xg | V! | MUSA HARSH PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E18F | | Kapi | gw | ɡʷ | g_w | gʷ | MUSA ROUNDED VOICED VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E190 | | Kawi | bv | b̪ | b_d | MUSA VOICED LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE | ||
E191 | | Kasi | dz | ʣ | dz | dz | MUSA VOICED HISSING AFFRICATE | |
E192 | | Kati | bb | b | b | b | MUSA VOICED BILABIAL PLOSIVE | |
E193 | | Kaki | gG | ɢ | G\ | ġ | MUSA VOICED UVULAR PLOSIVE | |
E194 | | Kali | gY | ʥ | dz\ | dź | MUSA VOICED HUMMING AFFRICATE | |
E195 | | Kani | gy | ɟ | J\ | g̣ | MUSA VOICED PALATAL PLOSIVE | |
E196 | | Kasu | dR | ɖʐ | dz` | dẓ | MUSA VOICED RUSTLING AFFRICATE | |
E199 | | Karu | dr | ɖ | d` | ḍ | MUSA VOICED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE | |
E19A | | Tayu | ct | t̚ | t_} | MUSA HELD CORONAL PLOSIVE | ||
E19C | | Tamu | cP | kp̚ | kp_} | MUSA HELD LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE | ||
E1A0 | | Taka | ck | k̚ | k_} | MUSA HELD VELAR PLOSIVE | ||
E1A3 | | Tawa | Ji | ꟿ | MUSA SPASMODIC DYSPHONIA AIRSTREAM PREFIX | |||
E1A4 | | Tama | Xi | V͉ | MUSA WEAK PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E1A8 | | Tati | cp | p̚ | p_} | MUSA HELD BILABIAL PLOSIVE | ||
E1A9 | | Taki | cK | q̚ | q_} | MUSA HELD UVULAR PLOSIVE | ||
E1AB | | Tani | cy | c̚ | c_} | MUSA HELD PALATAL PLOSIVE | ||
E1AF | | Taru | cr | ʈ̚ | t`_} | MUSA HELD RETROFLEX PLOSIVE | ||
E1B0 | | Sayu | vd | ð | D | ð | MUSA VOICED CORONAL FRICATIVE | |
E1B3 | | Salu | vl | ɮ | K\ | ɮ | MUSA VOICED CORONAL LATERAL FRICATIVE | |
E1B6 | | Saka | vg | ɣ | G | ɣ | MUSA VOICED VELAR FRICATIVE | |
E1B8 | | Sasa | zZ | ʒ | Z | ž | MUSA VOICED HUSHING SIBILANT | |
E1B9 | | Sawa | JS | ↀ | MUSA BUCCAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX | |||
E1BA | | Sama | XS | V!! | MUSA VENTRICULAR PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E1BB | | Sapi | vw | ɣʷ | G_w | ɣʷ | MUSA ROUNDED VOICED VELAR FRICATIVE | |
E1BC | | Sawi | vv | v | v v\ P | v | MUSA VOICED LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE | |
E1BD | | Sasi | zz | z | z | z | MUSA VOICED HISSING SIBILANT | |
E1BE | | Sati | vb | β | B | β | MUSA VOICED BILABIAL FRICATIVE | |
E1BF | | Saki | vG | ʁ | R | ɣ̇ | MUSA VOICED UVULAR FRICATIVE | |
E1C0 | | Sali | zY | ʑ | z\ | ź | MUSA VOICED HUMMING SIBILANT | |
E1C1 | | Sani | vy | ʝ | j\ | ɣ̯ | MUSA VOICED PALATAL FRICATIVE | |
E1C2 | | Sasu | zR | ʐ | z` | ẓ | MUSA VOICED RUSTLING SIBILANT | |
E1C3 | | Saku | Hh | ɦ | h\ | MUSA VOICED GLOTTAL FRICATIVE | ||
E1C4 | | Satu | HH | ʕ | ?\ | ʕ | MUSA VOICED PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE | |
E1C6 | | Wayu | jd | * | MUSA WILDCARD POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1C7 | | Watu | jn | ͆ | MUSA DENTOLABIAL POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1C8 | | Wamu | jB | MUSA DOMED VELAR POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1C9 | | Walu | jl | MUSA LAMINAL RETROFLEX POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1CA | | Wana | ju | MUSA LAMINAL INTERDENTAL POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1CB | | Wala | ja | MUSA LAMINAL PALATOALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1CC | | Waka | jg | ͌ | MUSA VELOPHARYNGEAL POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1CD | | Wata | ji | ̼ | MUSA LINGUOLABIAL POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1CE | | Wasa | jS | MUSA APICAL PALATOALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1CF | | Wawa | jJ | ˍ | MUSA RETRACTED POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1D1 | | Wapi | jw | ͇ | MUSA LABIOALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1D2 | | Wawi | jf | ˖ | MUSA ADVANCED POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1D3 | | Wasi | js | MUSA APICAL ALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1D4 | | Wati | jb | MUSA APICAL DENTAL POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1D5 | | Waki | jG | MUSA VELODORSAL POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1D6 | | Wali | jY | MUSA LAMINAL ALVEOLAR POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1D7 | | Wani | jy | MUSA LAMINAL DENTAL POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1D8 | | Wasu | jR | MUSA APICAL RETROFLEX POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1D9 | | Waku | jh | ꞯ | MUSA UPPER PHARYNGEAL POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1DA | | Watu | jH | ̪͆ | MUSA BIDENTAL POSITION SUFFIX | |||
E1DB | | Waru | jr | MUSA SUBAPICAL RETROFLEX POSITION SUFFIX | ||||
E1DC | | Mayu | xd | MUSA SECONDARY PHONATION PREFIX | ||||
E1DD | | Matu | xn | L̝ | MUSA RAISED LARYNX PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1DE | | Mamu | xB | ͈ | MUSA STRONG PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1DF | | Malu | xl | C̰ | MUSA CREAKY PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1E0 | | Mana | xu | ↓ | MUSA INGRESSIVE PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1E1 | | Mala | xa | V͈ | MUSA PRESSED PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1E2 | | Maka | xg | V! | MUSA HARSH PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1E3 | | Mata | xi | ͉ | MUSA WEAK PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1E4 | | Masa | xS | V!! | MUSA VENTRICULAR PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1E5 | | Mawa | xJ | MUSA MORE AIR PHONATION PREFIX | ||||
E1E6 | | Mama | xX | MUSA MODAL PHONATION PREFIX | ||||
E1E7 | | Mapi | xw | ( ) | MUSA SILENT PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1E8 | | Mawi | xf | MUSA MORE VOICE PHONATION PREFIX | ||||
E1E9 | | Masi | xs | ˳ | MUSA SLACK PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1EA | | Mati | xb | ꟸ | MUSA HOLLOW PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1EB | | Maki | xG | F | MUSA FALSETTO PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1EC | | Mali | xY | V̤ | MUSA BREATHY PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1ED | | Mani | xy | L̞ | MUSA LOWERED LARYNX PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1EE | | Masu | xR | ̭ | MUSA STIFF PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1EF | | Maku | xh | Ẉ | MUSA WHISPER PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1F0 | | Matu | xH | Vˁ | MUSA PHARYNGEALIZED PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1F1 | | Maru | xr | Vᴬᴬ | MUSA GROWL PHONATION PREFIX | |||
E1F2 | | Piyu | wd | ð̞ | D_o | MUSA CORONAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E1F4 | | Pimu | wB | ɹ̈ | r\_" | MUSA MOLAR VELAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E1F8 | | Pika | wg | ɣ̞ | M\ | MUSA VELAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E1FA | | Pisa | wZ | ɹ̱ | r\_- | MUSA POSTALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E1FB | | Piwa | Jw | ͎ | MUSA WHISTLED MANNER PREFIX | |||
E1FC | | Pima | Xw | ( ) | MUSA SILENT PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E1FD | | Pipi | ww | w̬ | MUSA LABIAL-VELAR APPROXIMANT | |||
E1FE | | Piwi | wv | ʋ | v\ P | MUSA LABIODENTAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E1FF | | Pisi | wd | ɹ | r\_ | MUSA ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E200 | | Piti | wb | β̞ | B_o | MUSA BILABIAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E201 | | Piki | wG | ʁ̞ | R_o | MUSA UVULAR APPROXIMANT | ||
E203 | | Pini | wy | j̬ | MUSA PALATAL APPROXIMANT | |||
E205 | | Piku | wh | ʔ̰ | ?_k | MUSA GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E206 | | Pitu | wH | ʕ̞ | ?\_o | MUSA PHARYNGEAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E207 | | Piru | Wr | ɻ | r\` | MUSA RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT | ||
E208 | | Wiyu | Tt | tʰ | t_h | tʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E20B | | Wilu | Tl | tɬʰ | tK_h | λʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED LATERAL AFFRICATE | |
E20C | | Wina | Td | tʰ | t_h | tʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E20E | | Wika | Kk | kʰ | k_h | kʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E210 | | Wisa | TS | ʧʰ | tS_h | čʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED HUSHING AFFRICATE | |
E212 | | Wima | Xf | MUSA MORE VOICE PHONATION SUFFIX | ||||
E213 | | Wipi | Kw | kʰʷ | k_h_w | kʰʷ | MUSA ROUNDED ASPIRATED VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E214 | | Wiwi | Pf | p̪ʰ | p_d_h | MUSA ASPIRATED LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE | ||
E215 | | Wisi | Ts | ʦʰ | ts_h | cʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED HISSING AFFRICATE | |
E216 | | Witi | Pp | pʰ | p_h | pʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED BILABIAL PLOSIVE | |
E217 | | Wiki | KK | qʰ | q_h | qʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED UVULAR PLOSIVE | |
E218 | | Wili | KY | ʨʰ | ts\_h | ćʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED HUMMING AFFRICATE | |
E219 | | Wifu | Ky | cʰ | c_h | k̯ʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED PALATAL PLOSIVE | |
E21A | | Wisu | TR | ʈʂʰ | ts`_h | c̣ʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED RUSTLING AFFRICATE | |
E21D | | Wiru | Tr | ʈʰ | t`_h | ṭʰ | MUSA ASPIRATED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE | |
E21E | | Siyu | Ft | θʼ | D_> | θ̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE CORONAL FRICATIVE | |
E221 | | Silu | Fl | ɬʼ | K\_> | ł̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE CORONAL LATERAL FRICATIVE | |
E224 | | Sika | Fk | xʼ | x_> | x̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE VELAR FRICATIVE | |
E226 | | Sisa | SS | ʃʼ | S_> | š̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE HUSHING SIBILANT | |
E228 | | Sima | Xs | ˳ | MUSA SLACK PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E22A | | Siwi | Ff | fʼ | f_> | f̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE | |
E22B | | Sisi | Ss | sʼ | s_> | s̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE HISSING SIBILANT | |
E22C | | Tiwi | Fp | ɸʼ | p\_> | ɸ̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE BILABIAL FRICATIVE | |
E22D | | Siki | FK | χʼ | X_> | x̣̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE UVULAR FRICATIVE | |
E22E | | Sili | SY | ɕʼ | s\ | ź̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE HUMMING SIBILANT | |
E22F | | Sini | Fy | çʼ | c\ | x̯̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE PALATAL FRICATIVE | |
E230 | | Sisu | SR | ʂʼ | s` | ẓ̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE RUSTLING SIBILANT | |
E232 | | Situ | FH | MUSA SYMBOL | ||||
E234 | | Tiyu | qt | tʼ | t_> | t̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E236 | | Timu | qP | ͡kp' | kp_> | MUSA EJECTIVE LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE | ||
E237 | | Tilu | ql | tɬʼ | tK_> | λ̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE LATERAL AFFRICATE | |
E238 | | Tina | qd | tʼ | t_> | t̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E23A | | Tika | qk | kʼ | k_> | k̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E23C | | Tisa | qS | ʧʼ | tS_> | č̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE HUSHING AFFRICATE | |
E23E | | Tima | Xb | ꟸ | MUSA HOLLOW PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E23F | | Tipi | qw | kʷʼ | k_w_> | kʷ̓ | MUSA ROUNDED EJECTIVE VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E240 | | Tiwi | qf | p̪ʼ | p_d_> | MUSA EJECTIVE LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE | ||
E241 | | Tisi | qs | ʦʼ | ts_> | c̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE HISSING AFFRICATE | |
E242 | | Titi | qp | pʼ | p_> | p̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE BILABIAL PLOSIVE | |
E243 | | Tiki | qK | qʼ | q_> | q̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE UVULAR PLOSIVE | |
E244 | | Tili | qY | ʨʼ | ts\_> | ć̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE HUMMING AFFRICATE | |
E245 | | Tini | qy | cʼ | c_> | k̯̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE PALATAL PLOSIVE | |
E246 | | Tisu | qR | ʈʂʼ | ts`_> | c̣̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE RUSTLING AFFRICATE | |
E248 | | Titu | qH | ʡʼ | >/_> | c̣ʼ | MUSA EJECTIVE PHARYNGEAL PLOSIVE | |
E249 | | Tiru | qr | ʈʼ | t`_> | ṭ̓ | MUSA EJECTIVE RETROFLEX PLOSIVE | |
E24A | | Kiyu | Qd | ɗ | d_< | ɗ | MUSA VOICED ALVEOLAR IMPLOSIVE | |
E24C | | Kimu | QB | ɠ͡ɓ | gb_< | MUSA VOICED LABIAL-VELAR IMPLOSIVE | ||
E250 | | Kika | Qg | ɠ | g_< | ɠ | MUSA VOICED VELAR IMPLOSIVE | |
E254 | | Kima | XG | F | MUSA FALSETTO PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E258 | | Kiti | Qb | ɓ | b_< | ɓ | MUSA VOICED BILABIAL IMPLOSIVE | |
E259 | | Kiki | QG | ʛ | G\_< | ʛ | MUSA VOICED UVULAR IMPLOSIVE | |
E25B | | Kini | Qy | ʄ | J\_< | ʄ | MUSA VOICED PALATAL IMPLOSIVE | |
E25D | | Kiku | Qh | MUSA EPIGLOTTAL STOP | ||||
E25F | | Kiru | Qr | ᶑ | d`_< | MUSA VOICED RETROFLEX IMPLOSIVE | ||
E260 | | Liyu | Lt | l̥ | l_0 | l̥ | MUSA VOICELESS CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | |
E262 | | Limu | LP | ɫ̥ | l_G_0 | MUSA VOICELESS VELARIZED CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E264 | | Lina | Ld | l̥ | l_0 | l̥ | MUSA VOICELESS ALTERNATE CORONAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | |
E266 | | Lika | Lk | ʟ̥ | L\_0 | MUSA VOICELESS VELAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E269 | | Liwa | JY | ↓ | MUSA PULMONIC INGRESSIVE MANNER PREFIX | |||
E26A | | Lima | XY | V̤ | MUSA BREATHY PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E270 | | Lili | LY | ȴ̥ | L_0 | MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLO-PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E271 | | Lini | Ly | ʎ̥ | L_0 | MUSA VOICELESS PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E272 | | Lisu | Lr | ꞎ | l`_0 | MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ||
E276 | | Niyu | Rt | ɾ̥ | 4_0 | r̥ | MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLAR TAP | |
E279 | | Nilu | Rl | ɺ̥ | l\_0 | MUSA VOICELESS LATERAL TAP | ||
E27E | | Nisa | RZ | r̝̊ | MUSA VOICELESS FRICATIVE TRILL | |||
E27F | | Niwa | Jy | ͊ | MUSA DENASAL MANNER PREFIX | |||
E280 | | Nima | Xy | L̞ | MUSA LOWERED LARYNX PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E283 | | Nisi | Rs | r̥ | r_0 | r̥̃ | MUSA VOICELESS ALVEOLAR TRILL | |
E284 | | Niti | Rb | ʙ̥ | B\_0 | MUSA VOICELESS BILABIAL TRILL | ||
E285 | | Niki | RK | ʀ̥ | R\_0 | R̥ | MUSA VOICELESS UVULAR TRILL | |
E288 | | Nisu | RR | ɽr̥ | r_r_0 | ṛ̥̃ | MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX TRILL | |
E28A | | Nitu | RH | ʜ | H\ | MUSA VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL TRILL | ||
E28B | | Niru | Rr | ɽ̊r̥ | r\_0 | MUSA VOICELESS RETROFLEX TRILL | ||
E28C | | Suyu | ft | θ | T | θ | MUSA UNVOICED CORONAL FRICATIVE | |
E28F | | Sulu | fl | ɬ | K | ł | MUSA UNVOICED CORONAL LATERAL FRICATIVE | |
E291 | | Sula | sz | s | s | s | MUSA UNVOICED ALTERNATE HISSING SIBILANT | |
E292 | | Suka | fk | x | x x\ | x | MUSA UNVOICED VELAR FRICATIVE | |
E294 | | Susa | sS | ʃ | S | š | MUSA UNVOICED HUSHING SIBILANT | |
E295 | | Suwa | JR | Œ | MUSA ESOPHAGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX | |||
E296 | | Suma | XR | ̭ | MUSA STIFF PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E297 | | Supi | fw | xʷ | x_w | xʷ | MUSA ROUNDED UNVOICED VELAR FRICATIVE | |
E298 | | Suwi | ff | f | f | f | MUSA UNVOICED LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE | |
E299 | | Susi | ss | s | s | s | MUSA UNVOICED HISSING SIBILANT | |
E29A | | Suti | fp | ɸ | p\ | ɸ | MUSA UNVOICED BILABIAL FRICATIVE | |
E29B | | Suki | fK | χ | X | x̣ | MUSA UNVOICED UVULAR FRICATIVE | |
E29C | | Suli | sY | ɕ | s\ | ś | MUSA UNVOICED HUMMING SIBILANT | |
E29D | | Suni | fy | ç | c | x̯ | MUSA UNVOICED PALATAL FRICATIVE | |
E29E | | Susu | sR | ʂ | s` | ṣ | MUSA UNVOICED RUSTLING SIBILANT | |
E29F | | Suku | hh | h | h | h | MUSA UNVOICED GLOTTAL FRICATIVE | |
E2A0 | | Sutu | hH | ħ | X\ | ħ | MUSA UNVOICED PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE | |
E2A2 | | Kuyu | Dd | dʱ | d_t | d̤ | MUSA BREATHY CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E2A5 | | Kulu | Dl | dɮʱ | dK_t | λ̤ | MUSA BREATHY LATERAL AFFRICATE | |
E2A8 | | Kuka | Gg | ɡʱ | g_t | g̤ | MUSA BREATHY VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E2AA | | Kusa | DZ | ʤʱ | dZ_t | ǰ̤ | MUSA BREATHY HUSHING AFFRICATE | |
E2AB | | Kuwa | Jh | V̬!! | MUSA DIPLOPHONIA AIRSTREAM PREFIX | |||
E2AC | | Kuma | Xh | Ẉ | MUSA WHISPER PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E2AD | | Kupi | Gw | ɡʱʷ | g_t_w | g̤ʷ | MUSA ROUNDED BREATHY VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E2AE | | Kuwi | Bv | b̪ʱ | b_d_t | MUSA BREATHY LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE | ||
E2AF | | Kusi | Dz | ʣʱ | dz_t | dz̤ | MUSA BREATHY HISSING AFFRICATE | |
E2B0 | | Kuti | Bb | bʱ | b_t | b̤ | MUSA BREATHY BILABIAL PLOSIVE | |
E2B1 | | Kuki | GG | ɢʱ | G\_t | ġ̤ | MUSA BREATHY UVULAR PLOSIVE | |
E2B2 | | Kuli | GY | ʥʱ | dz\_t | dź̤ | MUSA BREATHY HUMMING AFFRICATE | |
E2B3 | | Kuni | Gy | ɟʱ | j\_t | g̣̤ | MUSA BREATHY PALATAL PLOSIVE | |
E2B4 | | Kusu | DR | ɖʐʱ | dz`_t | dẓ̤ | MUSA BREATHY RUSTLING AFFRICATE | |
E2B7 | | Kuru | Dr | ɖʱ | d`_t | ḍ̤ | MUSA BREATHY RETROFLEX PLOSIVE | |
E2B8 | | Tuyu | tt | t | t | t | MUSA UNVOICED CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E2BA | | Tumu | kP | k͡p | kp | MUSA UNVOICED LABIAL-VELAR PLOSIVE | ||
E2BB | | Tulu | tl | tɬ | tK | ƛ | MUSA UNVOICED LATERAL AFFRICATE | |
E2BC | | Tuna | td | t | t | t | MUSA UNVOICED ALTERNATE CORONAL PLOSIVE | |
E2BD | | Tula | tz | ʦ | ts | c | MUSA UNVOICED ALTERNATE HISSING AFFRICATE | |
E2BE | | Tuka | kk | k | k | k | MUSA UNVOICED VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E2C0 | | Tusa | tS | ʧ | tS | č | MUSA UNVOICED HUSHING AFFRICATE | |
E2C1 | | Tuwa | JH | Ю | MUSA TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX | |||
E2C2 | | Tuma | XH | Vˁ | MUSA PHARYNGEALIZED PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E2C3 | | Tupi | kw | kʷ | k_w | kʷ | MUSA ROUNDED UNVOICED VELAR PLOSIVE | |
E2C4 | | Tuwi | pf | p̪ | p_d | MUSA UNVOICED LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE | ||
E2C5 | | Tusi | ts | ʦ | ts | c | MUSA UNVOICED HISSING AFFRICATE | |
E2C6 | | Tuti | pp | p | p | p | MUSA UNVOICED BILABIAL PLOSIVE | |
E2C7 | | Tuki | kK | q | q | q | MUSA UNVOICED UVULAR PLOSIVE | |
E2C8 | | Tuli | kY | ʨ | ts\ | ć | MUSA UNVOICED HUMMING AFFRICATE | |
E2C9 | | Tuni | ky | c | c | k̯ | MUSA UNVOICED PALATAL PLOSIVE | |
E2CA | | Tusu | tR | ʈʂ | ts` | MUSA UNVOICED RUSTLING AFFRICATE | ||
E2CB | | Tuku | kh | ʔ | ? | MUSA GLOTTAL STOP | ||
E2CC | | Tutu | kH | ʡ | >/ | c̣ | MUSA UNVOICED PHARYNGEAL PLOSIVE | |
E2CD | | Turu | tr | ʈ | t` | ṭ | MUSA UNVOICED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE | |
E2CE | | Ruyu | rd | ɾ | 4 | r | MUSA ALVEOLAR TAP | |
E2D1 | | Rulu | rl | ɺ | l\ | MUSA LATERAL FLAP | ||
E2D6 | | Rusa | rZ | r̝ | MUSA FRICATIVE TRILL | |||
E2D7 | | Ruwa | Jr | И | MUSA ELECTROLARYNGEAL AIRSTREAM PREFIX | |||
E2D8 | | Ruma | Xr | Vᴬᴬ | MUSA GROWL PHONATION SUFFIX | |||
E2DA | | Ruwi | rv | ⱱ | MUSA LABIAL FLAP | |||
E2DB | | Rusi | rz | r | r | r̃ | MUSA ALVEOLAR TRILL | |
E2DC | | Ruti | rb | ʙ | B\ | MUSA BILABIAL TRILL | ||
E2DD | | Ruki | rG | ʀ | R\ | ʀ | MUSA UVULAR TRILL | |
E2E0 | | Rusu | rr | ɽr | r_r | ṛ̃ | MUSA RETROFLEX TRILL | |
E2E2 | | Rutu | rH | ʢ | <\ | MUSA PHARYNGEAL TRILL | ||
E2E3 | | Ruru | rr | ɽ | r | ṛ | MUSA RETROFLEX FLAP | |
Codepoint | Letter | Name | Romusa | Ila | X-S | Ala | Unicode Name |
The Romusa column in the list above refers to a standard set of transliterations of Musa into the Roman alphabet, the Musa version of X-SAMPA. Each Romusa code consists of a digraph - two letters - from the familiar 26-letter English alphabet. When spelling out a Romusa transliteration, digraphs are separated with a space. But Romusa distinguishes lowercase and UPPERCASE letters, so ss sS Ss SS are four different digraphs. When reading Romusa digraphs aloud, we read the capital letters using the NATO spelling alphabet: Alfa Bravo Charlie .... So sS is read "ess sierra".
Here's how it works. The first letter represents the manner of articulation, and the second letter represents the position of articulation. Each manner and each position are represented by the English letters that have that manner or position. For example, the digraphs for the voiced stops and affricates all start with b d or g. We try to use the one that's closest to the sound being represented: b for labial sounds, d for coronal sounds, and g for dorsal sounds.
Meanwhile, the digraphs for bilabial sounds all end with p or b, the bilabial sounds in the Roman alphabet. The digraphs for labiodental sounds all end with f or v, the labiodental sounds in the Roman alphabet. So the digraph bb spells the ordinary voiced bilabial b sound, while bv spells the rare labiodental b (written b̪ in IPA and ȸ in Bantu). The digraphs for the tenuis analogs are pp and pf.
I'm not going to go over the entire chart like this - you can see them all below. But I'll mention that we use uppercase letters to indicate a variant. For example, uppercase P starts the digraphs for aspirated stops, and uppercase P ends labial-velar digraphs.
Vowel and accent also use digraphs, with the second letter indicating height: uppercase for high and lowercase for low. Accents are written before low vowels and after high vowels: Al EA is an open schwa with a low level tone (), while Ea AL is a closed schwa (ɐ) with a high level tone (). Punctuation is written with two accent digraphs: Al AL is the Musa equals sign (). There are also digraphs starting with j, J, x, or X for the orthophonic affixes.
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